Choosing the right options for the best use of available resources has always been a concern for managers. There are different attitudes to the maximum use of these resources. The limitation of capital, manpower, energy, competitive market conditions, and so forth, has led executives to find a solution to the optimal solution. Analytic Hierarchy Process is one of the most widely used methods for choosing options, which uses a paired comparison between options and criteria to prioritize them. On the other hand, in the real world, the opinions of decision-makers of all levels are not the same and due to the use of the paired comparison matrix, the process of hierarchical analysis is time-consuming and may lead to incompatibility due the to inaccuracy in its completion. This paper presents a method for analyzing Group Analytic Hierarchy Process with an unequal level of decision-makers using Preferential voting, as illustrated by a numerical example.

In many Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) problems, Decision Making Units (DMUs) are managed under supervision of a unified system. For instance, all universities of a country are under supervision of education ministry. Thus, investments for passing from an unsuitable situation to a desirable form are done by such a system. In this situation, managers would like to know which approach is the closest to improve their system. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach in which the inefficient DMUs achieve to an efficient situation by least possible changes. For this end, in order to convert an inefficient DMU to efficient DMU, the inputs reduction of each inefficient DMU is studied. Afterwards, using an aggregating preference ranking problem, the inputs are ranked based on their closeness to the efficiency frontier. Priority of a DMU to other means that decision maker should invest on it more than other to achieve an efficient System.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the comprehensive performance evaluation criteria to improve the performance evaluation system of employees using a new model of data envelopment analysis based on 360-degree evaluation for employee ranking. Methodology: In this study, first, performance evaluation criteria were identified by studying the research background. Questionnaires designed based on the opinions of twenty-five staff of the organization, three senior managers, ten professors with university experience and ten active and selected students of the university (a total of 48 people in a 360-degree structure) are completed and then using A new model of designed data envelopment analysis, employee ranking, was performed. Twelve performance evaluation indicators extracted from the research background by experts in four categories with the titles of service compensation system in the first category; Job security, perceived organizational justice, perceived organizational support, and physical working conditions in the second category; Job characteristics, job clarity and ability of employees in the third category and job feedback, job stress, organizational citizen behavior and motivation in the fourth category were ranked and documented using a linear optimization model based on the goal programming and policy. Data envelopment analysis resulted in a complete ranking for the staff of a university unit with 25 staff members. Findings: Interpretation and analysis of structured results obtained from the use of data envelopment analysis policy based on 360-degree evaluation can be the basis for improving human resources and continuing periodic evaluation to continuously improve employee performance in the organization. Originality/Value: The present study can help their evaluations by using various indicators comprehensively as well as 360-degree approach and considering the external and internal challenges of the organization.

The initial issue that must be addressed in teamwork is the manner in which decisions are made by the group and its members. voting is a procedure to aggregate individual votes to achieve a collective decision. Since individuals have varied opinions and preferences, Preferential voting assists in conveying the priorities of the voters to the society or community. In many circumstances, such as voting-based managerial decisions, voters are of a voting preference of unequal voting power. This paper presents a method for the ranking of Preferential voting with voters of unequal voting power, which, in addition to the utilization of preference voting models, employs the DEA and assurance region techniques. The deployment of DEA technique causes an increment in the competence of discriminating the ranking of candidates, and in the finale the proposed method is expressed for an empirical example to rank the petrochemical companies in the Tehran Stock Exchange.

This paper discusses the way of selecting the best alternative in a group decision makingenvironment. For this purpose, each decision maker defines the weights vector of the ranks using pairwise comparisons and a mathematical model similar to the one in Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is developed. At first, a CCR type model is developed in which decision making units have one input (equal to one) and some outputs .(16 ,17 ,18) Then, some constraints will be added to the model in order to meet the requirements in such a way that it can be applied in a Preferential voting system. Finally, some new objective functions will be added to the model in order to apply the majority decision rule. The resulted multi-objective function is converted in to a multi-objective linear programming model from which the optimal solution is obtained. It worth noting that some useful information can be obtained from the above mentioned model.

Recently, an innovative voting method named quadratic voting (QV ) has been proposed which allows people to vote as much as they want, according to their preferences intensity. Little research has been done on the safe implementation of this method. In this paper, we first present a voting method based on QV . This method combines the voting and planning, and gives the ability to voters to express their opinions about the candidates programs in addition to voting. Then, a secure electronic voting protocol is proposed for implementing our method. This protocol gives the voters to check the verifiability of ballots and the safety of payment so that they would be sure that their votes are counted correctly.

One of the manifestations of the participation of people in the political arena is their turn out at the polling stations. This conduct - people's participation in political affairs and their voting have any precedent in the far past, especially in the early day of Islam or not? The purpose of this study is to prove the point that today's concept of voting is the same as allegiance of the early days of Islam and that has confirmed it and Muslims have been practicing it since the advent of Islam, though it was deviated from its main course and there is no conceptual difference between voting and allegiance. Thus the article critically investigates the viewpoints which consider the concept of voting to be different from that of allegiance and finally present the conditions under which voting and allegiance are considered to be the same.

We investigate a generalization of Fubini numbers. We present the combinatorial interpretation as barred Preferential arrangements with some additional conditions on the blocks. We provide a proof for a generalization of Nelsen's Theorem. We consider these numbers from a probabilistic view point and demonstrate how they can be written in terms of the expectation of random descending factorial involving the negative binomial process.

The gallbladder stone is a common disease; its best management is cholecystectomy with surgical operation. Since 1882 cholecystectomy is a conventional procedure, but Laparascopic cholecystectomy procedure initially begins in France (1978) and quickly spreads in USA, European countries, and other counties around the world. Its popularity was because reducing postoperative pain, abdomen aesthetics, patients quick return to normal daily activity, shortening hospitalization and reducing costly hospital expenses. In some private hospital in Iran since nearly 10 years ago laparascopic procedures - mainly cholecystectomy- usually are done, although it was not initially welcomed. It gradually spreads on nearly all training hospitals.Since 1373 (1994) in Razi hospital 380 laparascopic procedures including 90 Cholecystectomies and others was diagnostic or cancer stagings. There were four general surgeons in Razi hospital, all in some way engaged in different Laparascopic procedures.For first 15 Laparascopic cholecystectomy operations we faced with many problems; all due our limited experiences; since then we had more experiences, and our next patients were as follow: Acute cholecystitis (12) chronic cholecystitis (shrinked gallbladders (four patients) and gallbladder empyems (two patients)).Mean of hospitalization was two days.In one case patient did not believe his/her management and repeatedly returned complaining of limited incision.In eight cases we forced to perform Conversion procedures; due to visceral perforations (three cases), hemorrhagia (one case), sever adhesions, and bad anatomical positions (four cases). It is noteworthy that four complications were in first 15 patients, and three in men.As described above we suggest Laparascopic cholecystectomy with an experienced team is a Preferential procedure; limited incision and quickly return to normal daily activity are its advantages.